Topical Ophthalmic Antiviral  Pharmaceuticals

H.A. Kader

doi:10.65636/cjo.v51i2.7014

Auteurs-es

H.A. Kader

DOI :

https://doi.org/10.65636/cjo.v51i2.7014

Mots-clés :

viral infaction, pharmaceuticals, ophthalmology

Résumé

Les infections virales oculaires englobent de nombreux types de virus et peuvent aboutir a une destruction importante de tissus. Les médicaments ophtalmiques antiviraux actuels sont des analogues de nucléosides. Les auteurs présentent une analyse détaillée des agents antiviraux et précisent les indications cliniques d'utilisation, le régime de dosage, les effets secondaires et les mécanismes d 'intervention des médicaments.

Références

1. L.S. Dillon. The Gene - Its Structure, Function, and Evolution. New York: Plenum Press, 1987:605-7, 636. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2007-2

2. H.E. Sutton, R.P. Wagner. Genetics - A Human Concern. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1985:259-63.

3. D. Pavan-Langston. Diagnosis and management of herpes simplex ocular infection. Im Ophthalmol Clin 1975; 15:19-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00004397-197501540-00004

4. J. McGill, F.T. Fraunfelder, R.B. Jones. Current and proposed management of ocular herpes simplex. Surv Ophthalmol 1976; 20:358-65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6257(96)90004-1

5. D. Pavan-Langston. Ocular herpes simplex - current and future therapeutic trends. In: B.D. Srinivasan, ed. Ocular Therapeutics. New York: Masson Publishing USA, Inc., 1980:5-19.

6. D. Pavan-Langston. Varicella-zoster ophthalmicus. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1975; 25: 171-85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00004397-197501540-00015

7 Y. Uchida, M. Kaneko, K. Hayashi. Varicella dendritic keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1980; 89:259-62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9394(80)90121-X

8. R.J. Marsh. Herpes zoster keratitis. Trans Ophlhalmol Soc UK 1973; 93: 181-92.

9. R.J. Marsh. Current management of ophthalmic herpes zoster. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1976; 96:334-37.

10. O.R. Tanner. Ocular manifestations of infectious mononucleosis. Arch Ophthalmol 1954; 51:229-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1954.00920040231010

11. K.R. Wilhelmus. Ocular involvement in infectious mononucleosis. Am J Ophthalmol 1981; 91:117-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9394(81)90358-5

12. S. Stagno, R.F. Pass, M.E. Dworsky, R.E. Henderson, E.G. Moore, P.O. Walton, C.A. Alford. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection - the relative importance of primary and recurrent maternal infection. N Engl J Med 1982; 306:945-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198204223061601

13. C.R. Dawson. Follicular conjunctivitis. In: L.A. Wilson, ed. External Diseases of the Eye. Hagerstown: Harper and Row, 1979:57-75.

14. C.R. Dawson, L. Hanna, T.R. Wood, R. Despain. Andenovirus type 8 keratoconjunctivitis in the United States. Ill. Epidemiologic, clinical, and microbiologic features. Am J Ophthalmol 1970, 69:473-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9394(70)92285-3

15. R. Abel, Jr. World ophthalmology: adenovirus keratoconjunctivitis and new approaches to prophylaxis. Ann Oph1halmol 1977:9-13.

16. E. Jawetz, J.L. Melnick, E.A. Adelberg. Review of Medical Microbiology, 16th edition. Los Altos: Lange Medical Publications, 1984.

17. F.L. Ruben, J.􀀗. Lane. Ocular vaccinia - an epidemiologic analysis of 348 cases. Arch ophthalmol 1970; 84:45-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1970.00990040047012

18. R.J.C. Cobbold, A. Macdonald. Molluscum contagiosum as a sexually transmitted disease. Practilioner 1970; 204:416-9.

19. V. Boniuk. Rubella. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1975; 15:229-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00004397-197501540-00019

20. S.R. Preblud, H.C. Stetler, J.A. Frank, Jr., W.L. Greaves, A.R. Hinman, K. L. Herrmann. Fetal risk associated with rubella vaccine. JAMA 1981; 246:1413-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1981.03320130019015

21. N.W.H.M. Dekkers. The cornea in measles. Doc Oph1halmol 1981; 52:1-120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01675202

22. D.P. North. Ocular complications of mumps. Br J Oph1halmol 1953; 37:99-101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.37.2.99

23. R.S. Riffenburgh. Ocular manifestations of mumps. Arch Opthalmol 196 I; 66:739-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1961.00960010741018

24. L. Lamer. Sur un cas de conjonctivite de la maladie de Newcastle. Can J Ophthalmol 1969; 4:390-3.

25. V. Knight. Influenza. In: K.J. Isselbacher, R.D. Adams, E. Braunwald, R.G. Petersdorf, J.D. Wilson, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 9th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980:785-9.

26. L. Weinstein. Diagnosis and treatment of poliomyelitis. Med Clin North Am 1948; 32:1377-1402. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-7125(16)35652-8

27. D.A. Henderson, J.J. Witte, L. Morris, A.D. Langmuir. Paralytic disease associated with oral polio vaccines. JAMA 1964; 190:41-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1964.03070140047006

28. M. Yin-Murphy. Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. Prag Med Virol 1984; 29:23-44.

29. D.A. Warrel. The clinical picture of rabies in man. Tran R Soc Trap Med Hyg 1976; 70:188-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(76)90037-7

30. P. Kestelyn, P. Van de Perre, D. Rouvroy, P. Lepage, J. Bogaerts, D. Nzaramba, N. Clumeck. A prospective study of the ophthalmologic finds in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome in Africa. Am J Ophthalmol 1985; 100:230-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9394(85)90787-1

31. L.S. Fujikawa, S.Z. Salahuddin, D. Ablashi, A.G. Palestine, H. Masur, R.B. Nussenblatt, R.G. Gallo. Human T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus type III in the conjunctiva! epithelium of a patient with AIDS. Am J Oph1halmol 1985; 100:507-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9394(85)90671-3

32. I. Arita. Virological evidence for the success of the smallpox eradication programme. Nature 1979; 279:293-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/279293a0

33. R.K. Robins. Nucleosides and nucleotides: past, present, and future. Ann NY Acad Sci 1975; 255:597-610. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb29263.x

34. M. Slavik. Nucleoside analogs in the treatment of neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases. Ann NY Acad Sci 1975; 255:266-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb29234.x

35. W.H. Prusoff, D.C. Ward. Nucleoside analogs with antiviral activity. Biochem Pharmacol 1976; 25:1233-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(76)90083-6

36. E. de Clercq, P.F. Torrence. Nucleoside analogs with selective antiviral activity. J Carb Nucleosides and Nucleo1ides 1978; 5: 187-224.

37. A. Bloch. The structure of nucleosides in relation to their biological and biochemical activity: a summary. Ann NY Acad Sci 1975; 255:576-96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb29262.x

38. H.A. Kader. Studies on the methylation of cytidine. M.Sc. thesis. McGill University, 1982.

39. K.K. Ogilvie, H.A. Kader. Synthesis of 3,N4-dimethylcytidine. Nucleosides and Nucleotides 1983; 2:345-350. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07328318308078868

40. F.T. Fraunfelder, R.H. Roy, eds. Current Ocular Therapy. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 1980, 58-77.

41. F. T. Fraunfelder, F.H. Roy, eds. Current Ocular Therapy 2. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 1985, 50-63.

42. W.H. Prusoff, M.S. Chen, P.H. Fischer, T.S. Lin, G.T. Shiau, R.F. Schinazi. Role of nucleosides in virus and cancer chemotherapy. Adv Oph1halmol 1979; 38:3-16.

43. W .H. Prusoff. Synthesis and biological activities of iododeoxyuridine:an analog of thymidine. Biochim Biophys Acta 1959; 32:295-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3002(59)90597-9

44. D.J. Coster. Herpes simplex. In: F.T. Fraunfelder, F.H. Roy, eds. Current Ocular Therapy. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 1980:60-2.

45. D.J. Schanzlin, D.J. Spence, Herpes simplex. In: F.T. Fraunfelder, F.H. Roy, eds. Current Ocular Therapy 2. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 1985; 52-3.

46. P.P. Ellis. Ocular Therapeutics and Pharmacology, Seventh edition. St. Louis: The C.V. Mosby Company, 1985; 291-3.

47. F.W. Chang. Anti-infective drugs. In: J.D. Bartlett, ed. Clinical Ocular Pharmacology. Boston: Butterworth Publishers, 1984, 212-6.

48. W.H. Havener. Ocular Pharmacology, Fifth edition. St. Louis: The C. V. Mosby Company, 1983; 244-51.

49. S.J. Kimura, M. Okumoto. The effect of corticosteroids on experimental herpes simplex keratoconjunctivitis in the rabbit. Am J Ophthalmol 1957; 43: 131-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9394(57)91495-2

50. I.H. leopold, T.W. Sery. Epidemiology of herpes simplex keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol 1963; 2:498-503.

51. B. Becker. Cataracts and topical conticosteroids. Am J Ophthalmol 1964; 58:872-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9394(64)90810-4

52. H. Goldman. Cortisone glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 1962; 68:621-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1962.00960030625009

53. M.F. Armaly. Effect of corticosteroids on intraocular pressure and fluid dynamics. I. The effect of dexamethasone in the normal eye. Arch Oph1halmol 1963; 70:482-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1963.00960050484010

54. B. Becker, D.W. Mills. Corticosteroids and intraocular pressure. Arch Oph1halmol 1963; 70: 500-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1963.00960050502012

55. H.E. Kaufman, E.D. Maloney. IDU and hydrocortisone in experimental herpes simplex keratitis. Arch Oph1halmol 1962; 68:396-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1962.00960030400014

56. T.W. Gardner, D.E. Shoch. Handbook of Ophthalmology - A Practical Guide. Norwalk: Appleton and Lange, 1987:68.

57. H. E. Kaufman. Chemotherapy of herpes keratitis. Ivest Ophthalmol 1963; 2:504-18.

58. P. Payrau, C.H. Dohlman. IDU in corneal wound healing. Am J Ophthalmol I 964; 57 :999-1002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9394(64)91048-7

59. P.R. Laibson, T.W. Sery, I. Leopold. The treatment of herpetic keratitis with 5-iodo-2'-deoxy-uridine (IDU). Arch Ophthalmol 1963; 70:52-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1963.00960050054011

60. B.R. Jones, M. Falcon, H. Williams, D. Coster. Symposium on herpes simplex eye disease: objectives in therapy of herpetic eye disease. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1977; 97:305-15.

61. J.G. Jose, K.A. Poise, E.K. Holden. Optometric Pharmacology. Orlando: Grune and Stratton Inc., 1984; 1983-6.

62. P.M.H. Cherry, M.G. Falcon. Punctal stenosis - caused by idoxuridine or acrodermatitis enteropathica? Arch Ophthalmol 1976; 94: 1632. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1976.03910040462032

63. W.H. Prusoff, Y.S. Bakhle, J.F. McCrea. Incorporation of 5-iodo-2'deoxyuridine into the deoxyribonucleic acid of vaccinia virus. Nature 1963; 199: 1310-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/1991310a0

64. J.W. Chandler. Antiviral drugs: their spectra and mechanisms of antiviral actions. In: G. Smolin, M. Okumoto, eds. Antimicrobial Agents in Ophthalmology. New York: Masson Publishing USA, Inc., 1983:123-9.

65. W.W. Lee, A. Benitez, L. Goodman, B.R. Baker. Potential anticancer agents. XL. Synthesis of the B-anomer of 9-(D-arabinofuranosyl)-adenine. J Am Chem Soc 1960; 82:2648-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01495a070

66. E.J. Reist, A. Benitez, L. Goodman, B.R. Baker, W.W. Lee. Potential anticancer agents. LXXVI. Synthesis of purine nucleosides of B-D-arabinofuranose. J Org Chem 1962; 27:3274-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01056a071

67. Parke, Davis and Company. British Pat. 1,159,290 (1969). Chem Abstr 1969; 71:797572.

68. F.M. Schabel, Jr. The antiviral activity of 9-B-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A). Chemo1herapy 1968; 13:321-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000220567

69. G.J. Dixon, R.W. Sidwell, F.A. Miller, B.J. Sloan. Antiviral activity of 9-B-D-arabinofuranosyladenine. V. Activity against intracerebral vaccinia virus infections in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1968; 172-9.

70. R. E. Keeney, R.A. Buchanan. Clinical application of adenine arabinoside. Ann NY Acad Sci 1975; 255: 185-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb29223.x

71. D. Pavan-Langston, C.H. Dohlman, P. Geary, D. Sulzewski. Intraocular penetration of ara-A and IDU-therapeutic implications in clinical herpetic uveitis. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1973; 77 :455-66.

72. J.J. Furth, S.S. Cohen. Inhibition of mammalian DNA polymerase by the 5'-triphosphate of 9-B-D-arabinofuranosyladenine. Cancer Res 1967; 27: 1528-33.

73. C. Heidelberger, D.G. Parsons, D.C. Remy. Synthesis of 5-trifluoromethyluracil and 5-trifluoro-methyl-2'-deoxyuridine. J Med Chem 1964; 7:1-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00331a001

74. D. Pavan-Langston, C.S. Foster. Trifluorothymidine and indoxuridine therapy of ocular herpes. Am J Ophthalmol 1977; 84:818-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9394(77)90504-9

75. J. McGill, A. Holt-Wilson, J. McKinnon, H. Williams, B.R. Jones. Some aspects of the clinical use of trifluorothyrnidine in the treatment of herpetic ulceration of the cornea. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1974; 94:342-8.

76. W.J. O'Brien, H.F. Edelhauser. The corneal penetration of trifluorothymidine, adenine arabinoside and idoxuridine: a comparative study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1977; 16:1093-1103.

77. J. Sugar, E. Varnell, Y. Centifanto, H.E. Kaufman. Trifluorothymidine treatment of herpetic iritis in rabbits and ocular penetration. Invest Ophthalmol 1973; 12:532-4.

78. D. Pavan-Langston, D. Nelson. Intraocular penetration of trifluorothymidine in humans. Am J Ophthalmol 1979; 87:814-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9394(79)90360-X

79. J.W. Gittinger, Jr. Herpes simplex keratitis. In: J.W. Gittinger, Jr., G.K. Asdourian, eds. Manual of Clinical Problems in Ophthalmology - With Annotated Key References. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1988, 46-8.

80. R.A. Hyndiuk, S. Seideman, J.M. Leibsohn. Treatment of vaccinial keratitis with trifluorothymidine. Arch Ophthalmol 1976; 94: 1785-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1976.03910040559015

81. A.W. Chow, P.J. Jewesson. Use and safety of antimicrobial agents during pregnancy. West J Med 1987; 146:761-4.

82. M. ltoi, J.W. Geftner, N. Kaneko, Y. Ishii, R.M. Ramer, A.R. Gasset. Teratogenicities of ophthalmic drugs. I. Antiviral ophthalmic drugs. Arch Ophthalmol 1975; 93:46-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1975.01010020050009

83. P. Henk.ind, M. Mayers, A.W. Berger, eds. Physicians' Desk Reference for Ophthalmology, Fifteenth edition. Oradell: Medical Economics Company Inc., 1987:145-6.

84. G. Kury, R.J. Crosby. The teratogenic effect of 5-trifluoromethyl- 2'-deoxyuridine in chicken embryos. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1967; 11:72-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(67)90028-2

85. G.B. Elion, P.A. Furman, J.A. Fyfe, P. de Miranda, L. Beauchamp, H.J. Schaeffer. Selectivity of action of an antiherpetic agent, 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977; 74:5716-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.74.12.5716

86. H.J. Schaeffer, L. Beauchamp, P. de Miranda, G.B. Eli;m, D.J. Bauer, P. Collins. 9-(2-hydroxy-ethoxymethyl)guanine activity against viruses of the herpes group. Nature 1978; 272:583-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/272583a0

87. D. Pavan-Langston, R. Campbell, J. Lass. Acyclic antimetabolite therapy of experimental herpes simplex keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1978; 86:618-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9394(78)90178-2

88. L. Corey, K.K. Holmes. Genital herpes simplex virus infections: current concepts in diagnosis, therapy and prevention. Ann Intern Med 1983; 98:973-83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-98-6-973

89. J.A. Fyfe, P.M. Keller, P.A. Furman, R.L. Miller, G.B. Elion. Thyrnidine kinase from herpes simplex virus phosphorylates the new antiviral compound, 9-(2-hydroxy-ethoxymethyl)guanine. J Biol Chem I 978; 253:8721-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(17)34236-9

90. P.A. Furman, M.H. St. Clair, J.A. Fyfe, J.L. Rideout, P.M. Keller, G.B. Elion. Inhibition of herpes simplex virus-induced DNA polymerase activity and viral DNA replication by 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine and its triphosphate. J Viral 1979; 32:72-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.32.1.72-77.1979

91. W.H. Miller, R.L. Miller. Phosphorylation of acyclovir (acycloguanosine) monophosphate by GMP kinase. J Biol Chem 1980; 255:7204-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(20)79686-9

92. D. Derse, Y.C. Cheng, P.A. Furman, M.H. St. Clair, G.B. Elion. Inhibition of purified human and herpes simplex virus - induced DNA polymerases by 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine triphosphate. J Biol Chem 1981; 256:11447-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)68420-6

93. E. de Clercq, J. Descamps, G. Verhelst, R.T. Walker, A.S. Jones, P.F. Torrence, D. Shugar. Comparative efficacy of different antiherpes drugs against different strains of herpes simplex virus. J Infect Dis 1980; 141:563-74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/141.5.563

94. E. de Clercq, J. Descamp, P. de Somer, P. J. Barr, A.S. Jones, R.T. Walker. E-5-(2-Bromovinyl)-2'-deoxuyridine: a potent and selective antiherpes agent. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979; 76:2947-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.76.6.2947